A
DISSERTATION
ON THE
MANNER OF ACQUIRING
THE
CHARACTER AND PRIVILEGES
OF A
CITIZEN
OF THE
UNITED STATES
PRINTED IN THE YEAR MDCCLXXXIX
ON THE
MANNER OF ACQUIRING
THE
CHARACTER AND PRIVILEGES
OF A
CITIZEN
OF THE
UNITED STATES
PRINTED IN THE YEAR MDCCLXXXIX
[1789]
[By David Ramsay]
[3]
A
DISSERTATION, Etc.
The United States are a new nation, or
political society, formed at first by
the declaration of independence, out of those British Subjects in America, who were thrown out of royal protection by
act of parliament, passed in December 1775.
A citizen of the United
States, means a member of this new nation. The principle of government being radically
changed by the revolution, the political character of the people was also
changed from subjects to citizens.
The difference is
immense. Subject is derived from the
latin words, Sub and jacio,
and means one who is under the power of another; but a
citizen is an unit of a mass of free people, who, collectively, possess
sovereignty.
Subjects look up to
a master, but citizens are so far equal, that none have hereditary rights
superior to others. Each citizen of a
free state contains, within himself, by nature and the constitution, as much of
the common sovereignty as another. In
the eye of reason and philosophy, the political condition of citizens is more
exalted than that of noblemen. Dukes and
earls are the creatures of kings, and may be made by them at pleasure: but
citizens possess in their own right original sovereignty.
There is also a
great difference between citizens, and inhabitants or residents.
Any person living
within a country or state, is an inhabitant of it, or resident in it.
Negroes are
inhabitants, but not citizens.
Citizenship confers a right of voting at elections, and many other
privileges not enjoyed by those who are no more than inhabitants.
[4]
The precise
difference may be thus stated: The
citizen of a free state is so united to it as to possess an individual's
proportion of the common sovereignty; but he who is no more than an inhabitant,
or resident has no farther connection with the state in which he resides, than
such as gives him security for his person and his property, agreeably to fixed
laws, without any participation in its government.
Republics, both
ancient and modern, have been jealous of the rights of citizenship. The new constitution carries this matter so
far, as to require not only present citizenship in federal representatives and
senators, but antecedent citizenship for the term of seven and nine years. The time and manner of acquiring the high
character of a citizen of the United States, is therefore well
worthy of public discussion.
The following
appear to be the only modes of acquiring this distinguishing privilege.
1st. By
being parties to the original compact, the declaration of independence.
2d. By taking an oath of fidelity to some one
of the United States, agreeably to law.
3d. By tacit consent and acquiescence.
4th. By birth or inheritance.
5th. By adoption. Of each of these in their order.
1st. By the declaration of independence
congress proclaimed to the world, that their constituents, "the people of
the united colonies, were absolved from all allegiance to the crown of England,"
and that the late colonies were "free and independent states". For the support of this bold measure, they
confederated together, by pledging to each other "their lives, fortunes,
and sacred honour." By this
eventful declaration, "nation was born in a day." Nearly three million people who had been
subjects, became citizens. Their
former political connection with George the third was done away, and
a new one was formed, not with another king, but among themselves, by which
they became coequal citizens, and, collectively, assumed all the rights of
sovereignty. As this was done by the
repre-
[5]
sentatives of the people of this country, and in their name,
and on their behalf, all who had concurred in investing congress with power,
acquired citizenship, by being parties to this solemn act. These original citizens were the founders of
the United
States. Citizenship could not
be acquired in this way by absentees from America, for two reasons: 1st. Such were not thrown out of British
protection by the restraining act of parliament, and therefore
continued British Subjects, under the obligations, and in quiet
possession of their British allegiance:
And, secondly, Such could not be parties to the constitution of
congress. The members of that body were
not their deputies, or agents, and therefore could not bind them, or act for
them.
2d. To cement the
people of America more firmly together, oaths of fidelity to the states
were respectively administered soon after the declaration of independence, to
all above a certain age. By these
oaths, a compact was established between the state and the individuals; and
those who took them acquired or confirmed their citizenship by their own
personal act. By swearing to do the duty
of citizens, they, by law, acquired a right to the privileges and protection of
citizens. Those who refused, were
ordered to depart, as being persons unfriendly to the revolution.
3d. As the war drew near a close, the
administration of oaths being less necessary, was less frequent. Citizenship was then, and now is, daily
acquired by tacit consent or acquiescence.
Minors who were not old enough to be parties to the declaration of
independence, or to take oaths of fidelity to the states at the time they were
imposed, became citizens in consequence of their continuing to reside in the United
States after they had arrived to mature age, especially if at the same
time they claimed the protection, and performed the duties of citizens.
At twenty-one years of age, every freeman
is at liberty to chuse his country, his religion, and his allegiance. Those who continue after that age in the
allegiance under which they have been educated, become, by their tacit consent,
either subjects or citizens, as the case may be. In this manner, young men are now daily
acquiring citizenship, without the intervention of an oath.
[6]
It is to be
observed, that in order that such persons may acquire citizenship in this way,
their residence subsequent to the revolution is indispensably necessary,
previous to the commencement of their citizenship : for no man can be said so far to acquiesce
in, or consent to a government, before he has lived under it, as to become a
citizen thereof by tacit consent.
Citizenship, when
acquired in this way by an absentee at the time of the declaration of
independence, can therefore only be dated from the time in which the claimant
of that high privilege became a resident under the independent government of
the state of which he claims to be a citizen.
4th. None can claim citizenship as a birth-right,
but such as have been born since the declaration of independence, for this
obvious reason: no man can be born a
citizen of a state or government, which did not exist at the time of his
birth. Citizenship is the inheritance
of the children of those who have taken a part in the late revolution : but this is confined exclusively to children
of those who were themselves citizens.
Those who died before the revolution, could leave no political character
to their children, but that of subjects, which they themselves possessed. If hey had lived, no one could be certain
whether they would have adhered to the king or to congress. Their children, therefore, may claim by
inheritance the rights of British Subjects, but not of American
citizens.
5th. Persons born in any country may have acquired
citizenship by adoption, or naturalization, agreeably to law.
The citizenship of
such must be dated from the time of their adoption.
From these
observations, the following inferences result.
Citizenship is an
adventitious character to every adult in the United States ; and there was a certain period in the lives
of such persons, when they ceased to be subjects, and began to be citizens.
The citizenship of no man could be
previous to the declaration of independence, and, as a natural right, belongs
to none but those who have been born of citizens since the 4th of July,
1776.
[7]
This accounts for
the use of the word resident in that paragraph of the new constitution, which
describes the qualifications of the president of the United States. The senators must be citizens nine years,
and the representatives seven years ;
but it is not said, that the president must be a citizen for fourteen
years. The thing was impossible, for
independence was then not quite twelve years declared; therefore the word resident
was introduced in order to comprehend time before the declaration of
independence.
By the same
paragraph, the distinction between a citizen and a resident is constitutionally
recognized ; for tho' it is necessary,
that the president must have been "fourteen years a resident,: it is sufficient for him to have become a
citizen "at the time of the
adoption of the constitution." By
this it is acknowledged, that one may be much longer a resident within the
United States, than a citizen of the same.
The precision of this paragraph, in respect to language, is worthy of
observation. It is not said, that the
president must have been a resident in, or an inhabitant of the United
States, for fourteen years. The word used is within, as explained by
Doctor Johnson, means, "in the compass of," -----"the inclosure
of." The sentence, therefore, when
analysed, means nothing more than that the president must have been a resident
with the limits of the United States for fourteen years.
Though the states
have not existed as states for fourteen years ;
yet, their geographical boundaries, or limits, have existed from the
first settlement of America. But to proceed
with inferences. From the premise
already established, it may be farther inferred, that citizenship, by
inheritance, belongs to none but the children of those Americans, who, having
survived the declaration of independence, acquired that adventitious character
in their own right, and transmitted it to their offspring. The children of those who died before the
revolution, who are now citizens, must have acquired that privilege in their own right, and by
their own personal act; that is, by joining their country at or since the
revolution.
Citizenship, acquired
by tacit consent, is exclusively confined to the cases of persons who have
resided within the
[8]
United
States since the declaration of independence, and could not have
commenced prior to their actual residence under their new and independent
governments.
From the whole it
is plain, that no private individual, tho' a native, who was absent from this
country at the time independence was declared, could have acquired citizenship
with the United States, prior to
his returning and actually joining his countrymen subsequent to the revolution.
Dangerous
consequences would follow from admitting that birth and residence, before the
declaration of independence in the country now called the United States, were
sufficient to confer the rights of citizenship on persons who were absent during
the late war, before they returned to their native country.
If this should be
established, many persons, hostile to our liberties and independence, might put
in their claim to be citizens. All the
children born in the interval between the peace of Paris, 1763, and the
declaration of Independence in 1776, within the British posts on our
north-western frontier, now wrongfully held from us, would be citizens. Our East-India trade would be laid open
to many adventurers, who have contributed nothing towards the establishment of
our liberties: for the natives of this
country, born before the revolution, who are now dispersed over the world,
might, on that principle, fit out ships, make voyages to India, come here and sell
their goods, under the character of citizens, from the circumstance of their
having been born among us thirty or forty years ago, and return with the net
proceeds of their cargoes, to their present residence in foreign
countries. These, and many other
consequences, injurious to the liberties and commerce of these states, would
result from admitting the dangerous position, that birth and residence in this
country, before the revolution, conferred citizenship on absentees, antecedent
to their return after that event had taken place.
FINIS.
[Note: Because I have not seen an internet copy of this public domain historical work in a typed format that I can readily copy and paste while discussing or debating, today I typed up the above historical pamphlet, so that it can easily be referred to and utilized in discussions by those who wish to use a certain popular means to copy, and paste, onto a more ready format for internet discussion, or to read a transliteration of a small "s" that looks much like an "f" that they might otherwise get hung up upon, or what have you. Any comment or addendum of mine is in green. The spacing and word spread has been given modern parameters for readability in an Internet and page typed format. -- Brianroy]
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