The antiquity of the Chaldean Factor

The Bible is an outline...and in the end, "Biblical" archaeology will be properly layed out when it conforms to a sure historical and "Biblical" testimony of the near region of Israel, and that nation's historical / factual testimony.

The History of both the patriarch Abraham and that of the Greeks are clear happenings, and recorded more than 2,000 years ago as fact, accompanied by archaeological evidence extending hundreds years more.

The Chaldean Factor

Kaf-Shin-Dalet-Yod ... Kasday, refers to the Chaldeans. It seems that the first of the "Chaldeans" in the Early and Middle Bronze Ages were merchants and millers who had a successful trade with ports along the shorelines of the Indian Ocean, and with the Levant. A simple alteration of yod to vav, as what may have happened once in Psalm 100, for example, can indeed easily clear up the mystery. Hence...Kasdu instead of kasday.

As Kasa with da-mu, or kasadim, we may have a phoenetic connection that was presented as "captive" / kasa - "blood" / da-mu.

In the Akkadian, there appears to be a simple designation of kasdu or kasadu...successful or conquering. The term applied to the entire area of Babylonia, but especially the southern sector. That southern sector having Ur, compared to a proto-Syriac Ur / Ura (etc.), is what the geographical debate about Abraham's origin is about. Had a city, any city near Haran of Syria been designated, either Syria or some name like unto "Uz" (Damascus and its territories), or some other pro-Syriac designation would have been used, and noted scholars like Cyrus Gordon would have thence been correct to geographically designate a northern Ur of the Chaldees near Haran. But that just isn't the case.

In regards to the Greeks, just because some of them began as Syriac Hyksos, moving through Egypt to the peninsula of Greece, and became part of what makes up Greek blood, doesn't mean that there is no such thing as designating a place and a people with a name, who were grafted into the same peoples that intermarried and replaced their original culture.

So, for some modern scholars to deny Abraham an existence because someone hasn't the gift of reason with intelligence, nor wishes to use source endnotes rather than 4th or 9th removed from the data commentary quotes ...whoever they may be, regardless of having or not having "credentials"... should face at least an admonishment for the error.

Chaldea / kaldu ...or Kasday for what was most likely previously
" Kasdu" in the Hebrew... appears to refer firstly to a more prosperous province of Old Babylonia from the Tigris and Euphrates outlet to an unknown distance within that stops short of Babylon.

In the Assyrian "mat Kaldi" is translated as "land of Chaldea". Seizing upon this, archaeologists over a century ago saw synonymous use with "mat Bit Yakin", as if this were the capitol city of that province. The Persian Gulf was at that time referred to as the Bit Yalkin Sea, and there is some kind of relationship that existed between the rulers of this prosperous region, once covered with trees in the Bronze Age (according to some geologists) and the ruler of Babylon.

That is hard for most modern people to fathom, that the deserts of Iraq were forrested no differently than as if they were wooded in Europe or North America. In fact, in this era, the Jordan was sided by swamps much like in Florida or Louisiana, and traversed by crocodiles and hippopotami.

In fact, it is quite possible that Abraham was of royal blood in this region, and left in spite of being near to the throne…but this is only one possibility. But if so, Abraham would have a special identification with both Joseph and Moses, his descendants, in that regard of royalty. We see such “nasi” or princely recognition of Abraham in the historical Genesis accounts, and in the apocryphal book of Jubilees, we have a 2nd century B.C. Akkadian flavor through the names of the wives who are relations in Abraham’s ancestry: Melka the daughter of Kabor, and 'Ijaska, the daughter of Nestag.


Between the ninth and eighth centuries B.C., there was a distinction made within the Akkadian and Chaldean rulership of the region, 14 rulers effectively listed as not or other than Chaldean Babylonian, and 18 designated as Chaldean.

The Chaldeans were a Semitic people that the differed from Arameans and the Sutu; and there is a sort of distinction that receives mention by the inscriptions of Sennacherib. This distinction supports that of Abraham and the Hebrew transliteration what was probably an Old Babylonian designation, hence Bronze Age designation, passed down to us. It is possible that Hilkiah the priest could have added the word, but that is NOT likely. Instead, if anything, Kaldu may have simply been an updated word of Old Babylonian, even as some would like to update an Old English "faeder" to "father", or an Old French archaism that means the exact same thing.

In regard to the Exodus Era, we see that the Chaldeans were of such an influence - that Egypt oft used Old Babylonian as their second language as testified in Tell El_Amarna correspondence, (cf. Gleason Archer, Jr.‘s A Survey of the Old Testament Introduction, (revised) Chicago:Moody, 1994, paperback, pp. 288-289) ...probably because Old Babylonian was THE language of Trade in those times.

Star gazing was the business of mariners as well as astrologers, so the application of Daniel 1:4 and 2: 2, etc., really belongs to an entirely different period of the region…when the trees had long since been destroyed, and mariner shipping appears to have greatly waned in the Bit Yalkin Sea.

Some have stated that Bit Yakin is simply that which refers to a Kashshite living in Bit Yakin, not necessarily making him a Chaldean. But those who argue this, generally limit themselves to the reign of Esarhaddon…citing that his astrologers/wise men informed: “mat-Kaldu is simply another name for the area incorporating Mat-Amurru and Mat-Hatti“, or words to this effect.

Again, pointing us to a point in GREATER antiquity than the claim of the origin of “kaldu“ / “Chaldean“ in the ninth century B.C.


Egyptian Clues
We can precede a date of Tell el-Amarna and Egypt of the 18th dynasty for Abraham by clear requirement and enter into the era of Elamite "Rim-Sin of Larsa", and Hammurabi, -- both dated to at least the 1700s B.C. -- whose antiquity most will readily acknowledge as far greater than the 870s B.C.

The earliest evidence for Asiatics is claimed in Egyptology to be at Rowaty / Rameses, late 12th Dynasty or mid 1800s B.C. The structure is mainly mud-brick with animal compartment enclosures...suggesting merchant traders being housed at this location, as Joseph's brothers might have later done.

The wadi tumilat region was unhoused by Egyptians in terms of villas, etc., prior to the 19th dynasty...following the Hyksos expulsion in 1551 B.C. (others say 1560 B.C.).

Irregardless, 430 years earlier Abraham set foot in Egypt prior to the Exodus. 430 added to 1560 is 1990 B.C., when Abraham first set foot there...though de facto, it was in 1981 B.C.

The wadi tumilat discards the notion of a 1445 B.C. or later Exodus, and forces us, through archaeological data, to reconsider an older Exodus in line with the statement of Isaiah 52:4 definition as to what kind of Egyptian oppressed the Hebrews there. It was a Semitic or Assyriac peoples...i.e., it could only have been the Hyksos.

Hence, we are driven back in time and chronology by the facts, to the era of the Hyksos...and 1551 B.C. for the Exodus out, and 1511 B.C., for the entry of Israel under Jesus / Joshua into the Promised Land.

All other chronologies of the period following and previous, such as the Judges following and the Sodomic epic previous, must therefore hang from the sure pegs of these dates in the 1500s B.C. As demonstrated in both the extra-biblical (believing - Josephus, Clement; unbelieving - the Greek Chronologies and historians)
and in the Biblical (i.e., the books of the Bible); we can be quite sure of the Biblical dates to at least the lifetime of Abraham, or to at least 2000 B.C., with authority and confidence.

Outline of Chronology, 1551-1180 B.C., from the Exodus to the Battle of Kadesh

1) In Egyptology, we find that there is a relief that celebrates Raameses victory at Kadesh in 1180 B.C. This same victory is recorded in Judges 13:1, which the biblical record of successions tells us, is 331 years AFTER THE EXODUS. Therefore, this Pharaoh is not the one who died in the Red Sea during the Hebrew Exodus in the era of the Hebrew Judges of Israel, who judged IN ISRAEL.

And if we must amend our dating of the Battle of Kadesh to the Hebrew Outline, making 1220 as 331 years after the Exodus, for example, the Hebrew Exodus and all successive dates are pushed back further until Saul is exclusively 12th century B.C. and Solomon (David's son) is well over 100 years earlierthan all prior predictions. No...Ramesses II is dated by the confirmation and assurance of the Hebrew Chronologies from Moses to the fall of Jerusalem by Babylon in 586 B.C., on its outline's face...and that historic literary outline is to be taken more literally.

After Kadesh, we are told at Karnak: "His Majesty turned back in peace to Egypt, together with his infantry and his chariotry being with him"

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2) Kadesh: 31 years earlier. In Judges 11:26, Jephthaa speaks of 300 years having passed from the entry of the Hebrews into Israel, to his time. Hence, Judges 11:26 is datable to 1211 B.C., and Kadesh is earlier, rather than later (as some date his battle to May 1300 B.C.)


The Judges, like Jephthaa, are more so contemporaneous with the Tell El-Amarna tablets, than is the Exodus to its contents. The tablets, dated by some to ca. 1375 - 1358 B.C., calls for Egypt to deliver the Philistine Lords from their ‘apiru” or ‘habiru’ oppressors.

Archer, Gleason L. “A Survey of Old Testament Introduction,” Chicago: Moody Press, ©1964, p. 164, (1974 edition.); cf. pp.241,289-295 (1994 edition.)

Shortly afterwards, we see one of these Canaanite satellite kings of Egypt strengthened against Israel, miraculously as if out of nowhere, with a General Sisera, etc.

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The Clementine Stromata Book 1, Chapter 21 with Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews and the Bible, presents us a clear outline.

1551 – 1486 B.C.

Joshua 24:29 ; Judges 2:8 -- “And Joshua the son of Nun…died, being a 110 years old.”

Clement: “As the book of Joshua relates, the above mentioned man was the successor of Moses 27 [ actual 25] years”

Clement: “After the close of Moses’s life, Joshua succeeded to the leadership of the people, and he, after warring for 65 years, rested in the good land other 25.” [Corrected by Josephus]

Josephus, Antiquities, 5.1.29: “So Joshua, when he had thus discoursed to them, died, having lived a 110 years; 40 of which he lived with Moses, … He also became their commander after his death for 25 years."

Hence: 1551 B.C - 65 years = 1486 B.C.

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1511 B.C. – 1471 B.C.

Judges 3:11 – “ And the land had rest 40 years. And Othniel the son of Kenaz died.”

Clement: “Gothoniel [ Othniel]. the younger brother of Caleb, of the tribe of Judah, who, having slain the king of Mesopotamia, ruled over the people 40 years in succession.”

This section is the only one that I have found where the addition of years seems to infer one meaning while being translated as another, and likely is the one that throws most chronologists off the trail. I believe that the proper interpretation may be that Othoniel co-ruled with Joshua (as his general and then as his chief administrator) for 40 years. The notion that the Land had rest, may imply the East Bank lands of 2 1/2 tribes enjoyed the Shabbat, as did any lands the Hebrews immediately conquered. Unfortunately, this is a tenuous interpretation forced by the circumstance of all the other years of the chronology add up and correspond. Since Scripture is inerrant, I must therefore view the Scripture in the chronology it makes available for me to interpret from, using the information that it provides.

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1486-1471 B.C.
[Unknown 8 year tributary period at any time in this 15 year period]

Judges 3:8 -- “the children of Israel served Cushan-rishathaim 8 years.”

Clement: "Then the Hebrews having sinned, were delivered to Chusachar [ Chushan-rishathaim] king of Mesopotamia for 8 years.”

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1477 -1459 B.C.

Judges 3:12 -- “and the L-RD strengthened Eglon the king of Moab against Israel.”

Clement: “ And… were delivered into the hands of Æglom [ Eglon] king of the Moabites for 18 years.”

Josephus AoJ 5.4.1.: “Eglon, king of the Moabites…reduced [the Israelites] to poverty for 18 years.”

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1441 – 1361 B.C.

Judges 3:30 -- “So Moab was subdued …and the land had rest 80 years.”

Clement: “ But on their repentance, Aod, [ Ehud.] … was their leader for 80 years.”

Josephus AoJ 5.4.3: “Ehud…died after he had held the government 80 years.”


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1361-1341 B.C.

--[actual “Jabin”, king of Canaan]
Judges 4:3 -- [Jabin for ] “20 years … mightily oppressed the children of Israel”.

Clement: “On the death of Aod [Ehud]… were delivered into the hand of Jabim,…20 years.”

Josephus AoJ 5.5.1-2 - Israel subdued by Sisera to Jabin’s control, 20 years.


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1341-1301 B.C.

Clement: “Deborah ruled, judging the people 40 years”

Josephus AoJ 5.5.3-4 - Israel delivered to Deborah administration and commander Barak.

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{A Kadesh in May, 1300 BC would have encountered a simultaeneous Midianite bid for control of the plains and farmlands of the Hebrews.}

1301 – 1294 B.C.

Clement: “On her death, the people … were delivered into the hands of the Midianites 7 years.”

Josephus AoJ 5.6.1: "For about 3 years the Israelites fought off the Midianites and Arabians, then retired to the mountains, and endured famine."


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1294-1254 B.C.

Clement: “Gideon, of the tribe of Manasseh …ruled 40 years.”

Josephus AoJ 5.6.7 – "Gideon ruled over the government 40 years."

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1254-1251 B.C.

Clement: “The son of Ahimelech, 3 years.”

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1251-1229 B.C.

Clement: An Israelite judge [obscured by Clement]…“of the tribe of Ephraim, who ruled 23 years”

Josephus AoJ 5.7.6.: “Jair the Gileadite of the tribe of Manasseh…22 years.”
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1229 – 1211 B.C.

Clement: “The people having sinned again, were delivered to the Ammonites 18 years”
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1211-1205 B.C.

Judges 11:26 – [And Jepthaah inquired] - “While Israel dwelt in …all the cities that are along by the side of the Arnon, 300 years; wherefore did ye not recover them within that time?”

1511 B.C. - 300 years = 1211 B.C. We have a chronologicalmarker for accuracy in Judges 11;26.

Clement: “Jephtha the Gileadite, of the tribe of Manasseh… ruled 6 years ”

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1205 – 1198 B.C.

Clement: “Abatthan. of Bethlehem, of the tribe of Juda, ruled 7 years.”Cf. Judges 12:7,9

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Clement: 1198 - 1190 B.C.

Clement: “Then Ebron the Zebulonite, 8 years”

Scripture: 1198 - 1188 B.C. Judges 12:11
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Clement: 1190 – 1182 B.C.

Scripture: 1188 – 1180 B.C.

Judges 12:13-14 "And after him Abdon... judged Israel...8 years."


Clement: “Then Eglom of Ephraim, 8 years”
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A Kadesh battle in 1180 B.C. regarding Rameses and the Hitites would have left a vacuum of power in Israel that is quickly filled by the Cretan based Philistines. That is exactly what appears to have happened.

Clement: 1182 – 1142 B.C.
Scripture 1180-1140 B.C.

Judges 13: 1 And the children of Israel ...into the hand of the Philistines 40 years."

Clement: “Under the power of the foreigners, the Philistines, for 40 years” [Cretan based]

Redating the Hebrew Exodus, Part 4

The Tidal Wave, the Exodus, and Greco-Egyptian deities
Julius Africanus records that the Greek historians call the Great Cataclysm, “the Flood of Ogygus”, or like terminology (Julius Africanus, Fragments, .12, .13.4).

They remained following the last great Krakatoa-like explosion of Santorini in 1551 B.C., which occurred simultaneously with the Dead Sea crossing. After the deaths of Phoroneus and hundreds of colonists, only Ogygus and a handful of survivors remained. There is no doubt that the nations in that era, such as Crete, and the Hittite Empire, must have also sustained damage in that same cataclysm or massive Tidal Wave.

There is no contesting this Cataclysmic event as happening, or of the year or month or day of its happening among the ancients. Only Philochorus challenged the name of Ogygus’ successor, Acteus, as having never existed, and apparently, he was a lone dissenter. He probably considered Apis, the son of Phoroneus, who is deified as a bull in Memphis of Egypt, as the successor.

The first official king in Attica following the Flood and gradual repopulation was Cecrops, in circa 1398 B.C.

From the Flood to the First Olympiad, there were reckoned 1020 10-month years. That is, 827 12-month years.

If subtracted from 741 B.C., we come to a year of 1568 B.C. However, with the double reckoning of the “descent of the Heraclidae”, we find that we can allow for the plus or minus of a generation of up to 25-27 years. Doing this, we fall within our margin of error and within the justified criticism of the consistency in the Greek reckoning of years prior to the Olympiads. Hence a de facto date of 1553-1551 B.C.!

Polemo, in his “Greek History”, volume I, recorded how that a division of the Egyptian Army left Egypt and settled in Canaan, following the tidal wave: Apis, the Son of Phoroneus of Attica being among the survivors of the Cataclysm. (Julius Africanus, Fragments, 13.6.).

In Egyptology, Apis is the bull, (the stud who repopulates by being oversexed, much like the oversexed Osiris) but the Greeks call him “Epaphus” - the intensive of “upon informing secretly of crimes in progress” (Herodotus, Histories, 2.153).

As Dionysus, the deity of the vine and wine, we find that Osiris is also a known habitual drunkard. Understanding these Greek and Egyptian labels, we may conclude that he may also have practiced a sexual deviancy, which we now label as sado-masochism. The ancient Egyptians thought upon Apis as the deity of cataclysms and disaster. After a disaster, the Egyptians are called to celebrate and make merry to Apis (Herodotus, Histories, 3.27). Apis is deified in Memphis as the bull of Ptah, making him out to be an Egyptian son. Memphis, as referred to by the Greeks, translates as being “the house of the spirit of Ptah”.

Apis, as a festivity deity, is out-celebrated only by Osiris: whom the Greeks call Bacchyus and Dionysius, whom married Ceres, the daughter of Prometheus (Herodotus, Histories, 2.42, 2.49, 2.59, etc.). In return, Osiris brought Egyptian arms and civilization into Greece. Ceres became known as Isis among the Egyptians, and Demeter among the Romans in later centuries. To the Greeks, she became known as IO, the beginning of all time: “As of now, and forever, we have arrived”, might be a free translation of this. Osiris married Ceres, the Greeks claim, because of his sex drive.

The Egyptians call Ceres or “Isis” the “moon”, perhaps as an idiom of Osiris first obsession with her. In honor of his memory, the phallic orgies of Greece were annually celebrated, with male organs of every size and material waved about; until drunken or - gies raged through the night by the torches and campfires.

It must be remembered, that these “adults” engaging in this activity were most often only from their mid-teens to their mid twenties; there being a life expectancy of no more than 33 years among the Greeks of the period from Osiris to the First Olympiad. So it probably also was with the ages of maturity in regards to those Hyksos who were forced to leave Egypt. They were most likely a largely “teen-and-under” population, with parents no older than in their 30s. What are believed to be the bones of parts of Osiris are buried deep beneath the Sphinx, which image represents the man and his se - xual appetite. During the festival of Isis, the people are called to beat their fists upon their chests for hours on end; symbolizing the grief that this man put Isis through.

He met his end by raping a young girl, who perhaps was the daughter of his own brother. Her offspring, either daughter or granddaughter, became Nefertiti to the Egyptians; but to the Greeks, she became the goddess "Artemis" /“Diana”.

Josephus relates that Manetho agrees with Polemo, stating that no fewer than 240,000 of the Hyksos (men, women, and children) left Egypt immediately (and peacefully), following a brief siege by native Egyptians (from Thebes) after the Red Sea crossing; and settled in Judea, -- even in and about Jerusalem (Josephus, Against Apion, 1.14). These were the very ones, being giants and Rephaim/Nephilim, who the spies of Israel, only days later, discovered and feared in Numbers 13:33.



Geo-climatic obstacles: a frozen pre-1000 B.C. Europe
The reason why the 10-month calendar existed in the first place probably had to do with the melting glaciers of Europe. In the pre-1000 B.C. era, much of what was north of the Balkans, and certainly north of the Danube, was glacial ice.
In this period, and until after the Assyrian conquests of Israel in the 8th Century B.C., for example, Britain was called as the southern area of the Artic (i.e., polar) regions (Theophilus to Autolycus, 2.32).

However, by the reign of Cyrus I, the region above the northern Mediterranean had stabilized. Slowly, civilization was migrating into the western and northern unsettled wildernesses. Why else, except for glacier flows, would Europe for so long been unexplored earlier? And within these regions allegedly lurked remnants of the dinosaur species, which still were known on occasions to kill “multitudes”. These dinosaur remnants were to be led astray out of the forest, and into an open plain; because they could be killed only by employing a proven technique and with hordes of warriors against it from all sides (Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 1.31.4).

This activity, of slaying remnants of dinosaurs, was a current necessity as late as 181 - 183 A.D. and was the means by which we have our dragon legends dating to as late as the 500s A.D. in our day.

The use of this key to understanding the Greek reckoning is a matter of willingness to apply the formula left behind for us, and to examine what is being passed down to us.

The Chronology of the ancients, some to greater and many to lesser degrees, will need to be re-evaluated and re-dated, and re-learned. Who would have thought that a real woman named Ceres married Osiris and became “Isis”, turning her homeland of Attica (Athens) into an enriched Egyptian colony?

Or who would have thought that a tidal wave would have wiped Attica out a couple centuries earlier, when it was a minor settlement of the (Syriac-Babylonian) Hyksos who ruled Egypt, at the same time the Jews passed through the Red Sea on dry land? This too, is contained in the reckoning of the Greeks.

Julius Africanus, in Fragments 13.7, cites that Theopompus in his ‘Tricareneus’, stated that it should have been expected that Attica (Athens) would share in the judgments of the Exodus, of hail and storms, and to suffer with the Egyptians, as Attica was a colony descended from these same Egyptians.

Some call Danaus, uncle, and vice-Pharaoh (or “Administrative Regent”) with Rameses, as the most ancient name of origin among the Greeks who later settled Italy and became Romans (Tertullian, Apology, .19). This Danaus built many monuments and statues in tribute to his nephew all over Egypt, before taking his navy and settling Greece.

We also learn that about 200 years later, some 20 “Greek” years after the Trojan War, in 1012 B.C., the Dorians conquered Greece, and the government of Ascanius began. Then, in just two generations (in 957 B.C.), these same oppressive Dorians sparked the “descent of the Heraclidae”: a mass migration to lesser Greece (Italy, and also Sicily - when as yet the Corinthian Sea had not emptied out to indicate that tidal wave that removed Sicily’s then land passage to Italy). Thus, the Syrians or Assyrians who migrated to Egypt as Hyksos, migrated to Greece, then migrated also to Italy, and later became the Romans.

Some of those Hyksos who migrated to Greece, also migrated to Tyre, becoming Tyrians, and some of those migrated to Carthage, becoming the Carthaginians to which Hannibal made his name of renown. This makes the Carthaginians and Romans as distant cousins. Strangely enough, the Hyksos were also related to the Anakims (Numbers 13:33) or “Nephilims”. Nephilims are translated as giants, but literally, it means “the fallen ones”, and is a direct reference to those who died in the Red Sea while pursuing Israel.

In Joshua 11:21-22, we see that --although they are later defeated -- they are pressed into an area and people from which Goliath the giant was from. For the Greek pirates of Crete and Greece, the Aegean Sea based “Philistines”; it was only natural for them to invade Israel against the Hebrews, as the Anakims and the Philistines were “cousins”. This explains why the Philistine conquest came about after the Exodus: it was a family conquest to regain land lost to the giants of the land, who lost their lands to the Hebrews -- a lowly people who had once been their slaves.

And so, history falls into place, and the “nonsensical histories” of the Bible suddenly begins to make sense and be quite logical.

Redating the Hebrew Exodus, Part 3

Greek origins from Egypt

In circa 1580 to 1568 B.C., a group of colonists from Hyksos controlled Egypt, led by a mixed breed (probably Hyksos-Egyptian) called Inachus, settled in the harbor in what would become known as Attica (and later, Athens).

These colonists spoke Attic, or a variant of Syriac-Babylonian. Some scholars will call it a Semitic dialect. From this colonization until the Doric Invasion, the average generation was reckoned as anywhere from 20 to 33 years. It would be safe to say about 25 - 27 years, to the Greeks of pre-1000 B.C., to be the length of a generation.

Prior to the Trojan War, both the Greeks and the Egyptian Homer reckon Greece to be populated by “Danaans, Argives, and Achaeans” (Thucydides, Peloponnesian War, 1.3).

From the time of Inachus to the Trojan War, are 20 Attic generations.

In 1016 B.C., the Dorian invasion brought the Doric language to Greece (Thucydides, Peloponnesian War, 1.12).

In 909 B.C., the Ionic language took root there. In later centuries, Greece also came to possess an Aeolic and a Koine (common) language. It is by this last language that we have come to possess the New Testament. But more importantly, in the third century B.C.: through Egypt, we receive a translation of the Old Testament (known as the LXX or the Septuagint) as well.

The Greeks, in their culture and philosophy, --are intertwined like strands on a rope-- with Egypt for over 1,000 years.

First, we have the era of Ogygus (ca. 1551 B.C.), then with the marriage of Ceres seven short generations later.

This is followed by the settlement of the navies of Danaus.

Sethos, whom called himself Aegyptus (Josephus, Against Apion, 1.26), was brother to Danaus.

Danaus also goes by the name of Hermeus. Tertullian, in his Apology, .19 calls him as “the most ancient name” of the Romans. That honor is exclusive, and suggests the lineage of Rome’s rulers as being, in part, as from the families of the Pharaohs. Later, we see the Greek settlements on the Nile and in the Delta, and so on.


The Biblical, Greek, and Egyptian points to ponder
1) In Egyptology, we find that there is a relief that celebrates Raameses victory at Kadesh in 1180 B.C. This same victory is recorded in Judges 13:1, which the biblical record of successions tells us, is 331 years AFTER THE EXODUS. Therefore, this Pharaoh is not the one who died in the Red Sea during the Hebrew Exodus in the era of the Hebrew Judges of Israel, who judged IN ISRAEL.


2) Kadesh: 31 years earlier. In Judges 11:26, Jephthaa speaks of 300 years having passed from the entry of the Hebrews into Israel, to his time. The Judges, like Jephthaa, are more so contemporaneous with the Tell El-Amarna tablets, than is the Exodus to its contents. The tablets, dated by some to ca. 1375 - 1358 B.C., calls for Egypt to deliver the Philistine Lords from their ‘apiru” or ‘habiru’ oppressors.
Archer, Gleason L. “A Survey of Old Testament Introduction,” Chicago: Moody Press, ©1964, p. 164, (1974 edition.); cf. pp.241,289-295 (1994 edition.)


In 1422 B.C., Amenophis ruled Egypt, until 1391 B.C. Osiris is known as the deity of Heliopolis. In the reign of Amenophis, there were ambassadors “sent out to those shepherds driven out of the land (of Egypt) by Tethmosis, to the city of Jerusalem, whereby he informed them of his own affairs…” (Josephus, Against Apion. 1.26.). The result of this communication forges an alliance between the Rephaims and Philistines with Egypt, against the local Israeli Hebrew population.

If this is the case, this supports the validity for and the era of the Tel Amarna tablets. These Babylonian linguistic tablets from the Philistines to Egypt are to be dated to circa 1384 B.C., when: 1) Ehud, the son of Gera, of the tribe of Benjamin, delivers the Israelites from Eglon (Judges 3:16 -20); and 2) Shamgar, the son of Anath, kills 600 Palestinian men with an ox goad the same year (Judges 3:31).

The Hyksos, former masters in Egypt, only 167 years after their concurrent Exodus through the northern Sinai, were servants of Egypt in Israel. In Canaan/Israel, the once oppressive Hyksos were, in turn, afflicted by the Hebrews: and resorted to asking Egyptians (who their ancestors despised as weak), for archers as protection against the Hebrew judges and a popular uprising.

In 1391 B.C., Horus, the son of Osiris and Isis was upon the throne. Isis, says Clement of Alexandria, in Miscellanies 1.21. will be deified in what we may reckon as somewhere near 1271 B.C.

The Romans over a thousand years later, will worship her as Demeter: the deity of the fruitful and bountiful earth, and the “protector of marriage”. Her son, Horus, also is -- centuries later -- remembered by the Greeks, and thought of as a deity: Apollo. His sister, Acenchres (called “Nefertiti”), is Artemis and Diana. She ruled from 1354 B.C. until 1342 B.C. through Ikhnaton (Amenhotep IV). Her successor from 1342 to 1333 B.C. was Rathotis (a.k.a., Tutankhamen). Thus, the Tell Amarna tablets become a type of formula for prayers or requests to the fabricated deities Apollo (Horus) and Diana (Acenchres), for deliverance from the Jews, and the One True Faith in YHVeH.

3) In the Tell El-Amarna tablets, the Philistine lords or city-kings, communicate to Egypt in the Babylonian language…not in Egyptian. Why? One tablet speaks of Gezer having fallen, along with Ashkelon and Lachish. In Joshua 16:10, 21:21; and Judges 1:29; we find that Gezer was portioned as half-Jewish priests with their families and half-Canaanite. The Babylonian language entered the land with distinction in ca. 1450 B.C. with the invasion of Chushanrishathamin (Judges 3: , and remained the language of trade from 1450 B.C. until ca. 1211 B.C., some 239 years later. This example we see again with the Hellenization of the region and the influence of the Greek language over 1,000 years later.

4) In Isaiah 52:4, we find the Jewish history that those who oppressed the Jews in Egypt before the Exodus were not Egyptian at all: they were Syrian or Assyrian. In other words, the only peoples that fit this description within Egypt during the era in question: are the Hyksos, who came out of Syria-Assyria and into Egypt, because the Hittites were too strong for them to defend against at the time. This brings into Egypt the language of Aram, which is later characterized as Syriac-Babylonian.

Therefore, the language of Moses and of the Hyksos was a separation of distinctions or dialect of the same general mother tongue. To not be immersed and familiar with the characterizations and recent slang might cause one to stammer and stutter in conversing with those who use certain unfamiliar idioms regularly. This is perhaps what Moses meant in his asking GOD for, and receiving, a helper in Exodus 4:10-16.

Redating the Hebrew Exodus, part 2

A Matter of Perspective

There is never a serious debate as to whether Homer was a man or a woman among the ancients. There is never a truly serious debate as to whether Homer existed. The debate among the ancient Greeks, however, did rage about the period in which Homer lived in.

The same kind of debate is reminiscent of what should be said in our own day, regarding the reign of David, king of Israel. There is no real debate of King David’s existence in the ancients. Instead, the record is silent of such Orwellian rewriters of history...perhaps moreso to ease their consciences than scholarly investigation in lower critical support for such wild hypotheses.

There is no debate on whether Christ existed in the First Century as a real person: even by hostile writers who lived in His times, and within a generation after Him. Why is that? Why are those who are closest to the times unwilling to challenge the existence of Christ, or David who preceded Him by over 1,000 years, or Moses who preceded David by some 500 years more?

The answer is, because the ancients cannot always be held responsible for the intoxicated canards of its future generations. If the future descendants choose to discard truth for a lie, and live on in an hallucinogenic state, they do it willingly -- knowingly --and of their own free will. An unwilling mind can learn to talk himself into disbelieving just about anything.

Josephus' alternating Gr./Heb. calculations open the way:

The calculation of the last year of the Trojan War is affirmed in the ancient witnesses utilized by the Church Fathers: as being about 1031 - 1034 B.C. Now 1031 - 1032 B.C. is the 4th year of Solomon’s reign -- making both King Solomon, and his father David, as of an older date than modern “Intellectuals” will lead you to believe.


Using a separate Jewish calendar,
Josephus: reckons a total of 477 years and 6 months between the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 B.C., and the building of Jerusalem by King David (Josephus, Wars of the Jews 6.10.).

This places David in Jerusalem in ca. January-February of 1063 B.C.

But in his Antiquities of the Jews, 8.3.1. Josephus uses the reckoning of the familiar Greek calendar (of his Roman audiences) to state that Solomon built the Temple 592 years after the Hebrew Exodus, before switching gears and reverting to the Jewish calendar of reckoning again.

Josephus knows the Scriptures use 480 years, as according to Hebrew reckoning, in I Kings 6:1.

The Greek calendar years of 592 times our inter-calculatory fraction is about 480.05 …or rounded off, 480 years.

In Antiquities of the Jews, 20.10.1, in discussing the lineage of the high priests from Moses to the A.D. 70 destruction of Jerusalem; Josephus gives a similar length of time (612 short years). When calculated against our inter-calculatory fraction, we are given a new insight into Biblical History.

Josephus cites a rule of the high priesthood for the last 16 years of the 40 years in the wilderness, when Moses was 104 - 120 years old. This was followed, again, by a 480-year gap between the entry into the Promised Land by Joshua, and the Temple of Solomon’s dedication.{1}

Thus, Josephus also uses this methodology for preservation of Jewish history, when mentioning the Greek calendar, in Caesar’s library.

The testimony of the Galilean Israelite, Josephus, is that he agrees with the Greek reckoning that puts King David, in Jerusalem and building it, in circa 1060 to 1063 B.C.!

It appears that a few years elapsed before the actual major construction began. Thus, David’s reign is calculated to have begun no more recent or later than 1075 to 1070 B.C David reigned in Jerusalem for 33 years, and based on Josephus’ calculations, until ca. 1037 to 1036 B.C. (I Kings 2:11).

Therefore, for Solomon to dedicate the Temple in the fourth year of his reign (2 Kings 6:1), and for it to be 480 years after coming into the land from the Exodus: the Exodus entry into Canaan must date to ca. 1512 - 1511 B.C.

In I Kings 6:1, the literal reading show us that “…it was 480 years from the lasa’ah of the children of Israel from the Land of Egypt.” That is, it was the finishing moment, the end destination, the conclusion to -- leaving Egypt, being the end of 40 years in the wilderness, and the feet of all Israelites touching both sides of the Jordan. This makes the entry a certainty at 1511-1512 B.C.

This is hundreds of years before Rameses, and places the Exodus as being during the reign of the Hyksos! Therefore, Rameses now becomes Ra- Ameses or Ra-Amosis: ‘the wicked and afflicted Ameses’. Can that really be? The Egyptians priests, such as Ptolemy of Mendes, in his 3 volume work “Chronology”, cites “Amosis” as being king during the Hebrew Exodus; Inachus being his contemporary in the colony of Greece (Clement, Miscellanies, 1.21).

In the same source, we read that Dionysius of Halicarnassus, in his “Times”, told the ancients that the Argolic states were founded first by Inachus, and later evolved to the Hellenic states of his day. There are some who would tell us Ah-mose was a woman ruler, and that Thutmose I was the husband. So, what is the truth?


Pharaoh Histories in Chronological turmoil

In examining the Chronology of the Pharaohs that is recounted by Manetho, we find that unlike the Bible, the histories of Egyptian rulers are F.U.B.A.R.{2}

Modern Egyptology fails miserably in attempting to reckon its dates to any accuracy near the Biblical record. We are then to understand by the priests of Egypt, through Herodotus, that there are 330 rulers of Egypt from its beginnings until his time in the 450s B.C.

Upon closer examination, this is not the case. We find that the same ruler of Egypt may go by several names during his reign, and that a vice-Pharaoh subjoins him. That is, a Chief Executive Officer, and his Chief Operating Officer rule Egypt. There is also a sub-division under this of an upper and Lower Egypt that is also portioned out, in which the number of rulers multiply, while the generations reduce yet again.

So if for 800 years, Pharaohs “A” rule upper Egypt, while Pharaohs “B” rule lower Egypt, and each have 25 generations: then the number of Pharaohs become 50, with 50 more vice-Regents. There, in just 800 years, you now have 100 of the required 330. If each of the Pharaohs alone have a second identifying name in those 800 years, we now add another 50 names to the 330 cited by the Egyptian priests to Herodotus, and have now reached almost half our required number: 150 of 330. That is a total of 150 or almost half the required number of the 330, in just 800 years!

The notion of a neat and orderly chronology, as Egyptologists try to fancy, just obliterates like the tobacco off the end of a lit cigarette.

The dilemma becomes a question of who was really the de facto potentate. In the Bible, we have clear distinctions of Israel and Judah and its kings, their names and years of rule, and their genealogies. In Egyptology, we have guesswork. Upon closer examination of Manetho’s 3rd Century B.C. Histories of Egypt, we find that A-mosis is really both Ahmose, and Tethmosis (Thummosis) - the son of Alisphragmuthosis. Under his leadership, says Josephus in Against Apion 1.14, while citing Manetho, 480,000 Egyptians rallied around the city of Avaris, and expelled the Hyksos families of those who perished in the Red Sea with their king, Assiss (Asehre Khamudi). These families were expelled along the northern route out of the country, and settled in Judea.

In Manetho’s Chronology, through Josephus, we find a man called “Jonias” as the Greek equivalent of the Hyksos name of Moses’ step-grandfather. Modern Egyptologists disbelieve his existence, although he reigned 50 years and 1 month, his name -- and the length of his rule -- having been stricken from the histories by them. When dealing with this kind of mutilation of history, one is at the mercy of the prevailing opinions of the field, until the carnival tricks and literary slights of hand be exposed for what they are. This is why the Bible is so much superior to any religion or history of the world: it is consistent, it is reliable, it is verifiable, it is historical and outside the bounds of ready alterations, and it is above rational reproach -- against any work the world has to offer in its place.



Manetho’s Time-line adjusted and reconstructed -- B.C. format:
Dates and months are approximated to Manetho.

Name --------------- ----------------Reign

Tethmosis - Amosis March 1551 B.C. to July 1526 B.C. 25 Years 4 mos.

Chebron July 1526 B.C. to November 1513 B.C.
13 years

Amenophis November 1513 B.C. to July 1491 B.C.
20 years 7 mos.

Amesses (Hatsheput) July 1491 B.C. to April 1469 B.C.
21 years 9 mos.

Memphres April 1469 B.C. to February 1456 B.C.
12 years 9 mos.

Memphramuthosis February 1456 B.C. to October 1432 B.C.
25 years 10 mos.

Tethmosis (II) October 1432 B.C. to June 1422 B.C.
9 Years 8 mos.

Amenophis (II) - Osiris {3} June 1422 B.C. to April 1391 B.C.
(Gk. diety as- Bacchyus) 30 Years 10 mos. (credited as though unbroken)
(Gk. diety as Dionysus) w/ Queen Isis {4}


Orus April 1391 B.C. to February 1354 B.C.
(Gk. diety as Apollo){5} 36 Years 10 months

Acenchres February 1354 B.C. to March 1342 B.C.
(Ikhnaton/Amenhotep’s wife) 12 years 1 month
(Egyptian - Nefertiti: “the beautiful one has arrived”)
(Gk. diety as Artemis/Diana){6}

Rathotis March 1342 B.C. to March 1333 B.C.
(Egyptian - Tutankhamen) 9 years

Acencheres (I) March 1333 B.C. to August 1321 B.C.
12 years 5 mos.

Acencheres (II) August 1321 B.C. to November 1308 B.C.
12 years 3 mos.

Armais November 1308 B.C. to December 1304 B.C.
4 years 1 mos.

Ra-Ameses (I) December 1304 B.C. to March 1302 B.C.
1 year 4 mos.

Armesses (Miamoun) March 1302 B.C. to May 1242 B.C. {7}
(perhaps Ra-Ameses II) 60 years 2 mos.

Amenophis (III) May 1242 B.C. to November 1223 B.C. {8}
19 years 6 mos.

Sethosis November 1223 B.C. to November 1210 B.C. {9}
13 years

Ra-Ameses (III) {10} November 1210 B.C. to November 1143 B.C.
67 years



---------------------------------------------------------------
1 There were only 13 high priests ruling in all that time. 480 divided by 13 is about 37 years per high priest’s tenure. Contrast this with the 28 appointed high priests in the 107 years from Herod I to Titus’ conquest, in which the average high priest served for a little less than 4 years because of robbery and political corruption of the office.


2 A clear example can be seen in lineage trees that are drawn up for the dynastic families. One tree actually shows that Thutmosis - Isis - Akhenaten all share the same era of rule as though brothers and sisters, children of Amenhotep III and Tiye (Archaeology, Mar/Apr 2002, “All in the Family” by Mark Rose, p.22). It is a high affront and insult, for Egyptologists (in general) to reckon demands for stringent requirements of lineage upon Hebraic Kings and take great fabrication liberties and myth-making endeavors upon their own craft. If the world of academia did not take them so seriously, we would be permitted to equate their historical Egyptology “craft”, (at times), with base humor and thespian slapstick. Josephus is clearly at odds with these modern historians, citing that “Pharoah” was as much a “household” representation of the royal family as was “Caesar”. We would not place Brittanicus, son of Claudius, as a ruler of the Roman Empire simply because he was called a “Caesar”. But that is exactly what Egyptologists do with the history of the Pharaohs.

3 What few bones were left of Osiris, (if there are any), was buried under the Sphinx of Egypt, about 300 feet below the surface. (e.g., Archaeology, Sep/Oct 2000, “Tales from the Crypt” by Angela M.H. Schuster, pp. 30-33).

4 Isis was known as IO, Ceres, and Demeter among the Greeks. Demeter was known as the goddess of grain harvests. Therefore, upon marriage to Osiris, she not only brought culture to Greece, she was its grain benefactor as well.

5 The Tel Amarna tablets are written to the Sun deity, Orus (a type of counterfeit Messiah): in 1384 B.C. His city, and that of his father, is Heliopolis. The Greeks name the “sun” as “Helios”. Thus, to the Greeks, Heliopolis becomes the city of the sun deity, Apollo. The Romans call the sun after the Greek as “Teitan” or “titan”. In the Greek, this designation corresponds Gematrically to 666, the number of Anti-Christ and the Beast (Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 5.30.3). In Greece, the priestesses of Delphi conferred “oracles” in Apollo’s name, being a cult of ‘Apollo’.

6 Artemis / Diana continued the work of her mother or grandmother as a benefactor of Attica. In Rome, she was remembered as the one who brought about the wharves of the Tiber, and fed Rome from Egypt -- justifying Rome’s relationship with the breadbasket economics of Egyptian wheat.

The Greeks may also have called her as Kore / Persephone, who was raped by her father (identified for us here as Osiris) by force. This activity appears to deal with the mother of Nefertiti as being either the victim of, or the offspring of Osiris. Based on the Chronology of Manetho, the raped child would have to have been anywhere from 1-10 years of age at the time of such an occurrence. This act was the reason why Osiris was slain by his own brother, who chopped him to pieces, scattering him to the far reaches of Egypt; to which we now call Osiris ‘Hades’, and ‘Pluto’, and the “Sphinx’ (under which what was left of Osiris is thought to be buried. Yet, this later offspring of rape is deified as love and beauty, whose Egyptian worshipers remembered her mother and grandmother’s angst by ritually beating their breasts.

As Nefertiti, Artemis/Diana married an Ethiopian from Thebes who moved the capitol from Thebes to Amarna. Amarna was about 130 miles north of the then Ethiopian controlled region of Egypt, and was probably a marriage contract for peace between two nations. Together, Nefertiti and her husband worshipped a sun deity, (the “Helios”) -- her deified “brother” Horus, whom was later, renamed “Apollo” in Greek adaptation of the mythology, was more than likely her uncle.

Egypt refused to continue abandonment of all its other deities upon her death, supposedly some 13 years after assuming the throne. Amarna wall inscriptions show she lost at least one child in its infancy, but that she was happily married with several children. The Egyptians eventually revolted against the racial crossbreeding of their queen, erasing her memory across Egypt; and then reinventing her history through worship and the mythology of Artemis/Diana. Although Orus was remembered as “a deity among the many”, there was never again a sole deity of Egypt.


7 In 1292 B.C., Saturn/Bellus comes into prominence, colonizing families Greece, Crete, and Italy (which is then called ‘lesser Greece’). The Jews call the Romans the children of Bel, and Beelzebub. Thus, the act of slandering another Jew by this name, is the same as accusing that one of being a ****, or illegitimate child of Roman stock, without the furnishing of proof.
In 1271 B.C., Ceres / Isis is deified by both Greeks and Egyptians, perhaps being the 100th anniversary of her death.

8 In 1231 B.C., Tyre is founded, either within or just beyond Egyptian military influence. The lineage is traced directly from Saturn, a Hyksos descendant born in the Egyptian colony of Greece.

9 The Babylonian language wanes as the universal - language of communication in the Middle East’s eastern Mediterranean region, circa 1211 B.C., as Egypt begins to expand its influence yet again.

10 This Ra-Ameses is listed in Judges 13:1 as being at Kadesh, 331 years after the Exodus!!! The testimony, as discussed in the next section, is supported by a victory relief in Karnak, Egypt. The fact that the myth of a wrong Ra-ameses, and other factual errors have existed for centuries, was probably based more on anti-Semitic and anti-Christian bias, than upon historic fact. Even just a few casual observations, discussed in the next section, make this clear.